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[Logic isn’t about certainty, it’s about consistency. If there’s no certainty outside logic, then there’s no certainty at all. The only “certainty” that logic can give us is hypothetical certainty, the certainty that a particular conclusion follows from particular premises, or more simply that if one thing is true then another thing is true. The Germans have a saying about that: Whoever says A must also say B. Obviously then there can never be more certainty at the end of a logical process than there was at the beginning, and yet the notion persists that an argument’s force comes mainly from the inferential process and not from its assumptions, a notion that logic can somehow generate knowledge without some piece of knowledge to begin with.]

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